The following table lists the 37 universal syntactic relations used in UD v2. It is a revised version of the relations originally described in Universal Stanford Dependencies: A cross-linguistic typology (de Marneffe et al. 2014).

The upper part of the table follows the main organizing principles of the UD taxonomy such that rows correspond to functional categories in relation to the head (core arguments of clausal predicates, non-core dependents of clausal predicates, and dependents of nominals) while columns correspond to structural categories of the dependent (nominals, clauses, modifier words, function words). The lower part of the table lists relations that are not dependency relations in the narrow sense.

* The advmod relation is used for modifiers not only of predicates but also of other modifier words.

Individual languages may define more specific relations as subtypes of the universal types defined here. A subtyped relation always starts with the basic type, followed by a colon and the subtype string. In general, subtypes are language-specific and optional. However, some subtypes are assumed to apply to many languages and they should be considered semi-mandatory: If the language has the phenomenon that the subtype focuses on, then the subtype should be used. Examples of subtypes that should be used this way include but are not limited to the following:

The enhanced dependency representation defines further extensions of the dependency types.

Alphabetical listing

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